The concept of automated policing began as a science fiction concept years ago, but today it is “real and impactful”, according to security robotics specialist Knightscope.
The sophistication of robot-powered security is even more interesting than sci-fi to Stacy Stephens, the co-founder and chief client officer of Knightscope.
Launched in 2013, the Mountain View, California, public safety technology services company was the first in the world to deploy mobile, fully autonomous security robots (ASRs) in public spaces such as malls, parking lots and neighborhood parks.
The Knightscope vision was to find a more effective means of deterring crime while minimizing risk to law enforcement officers.
Knightscope identifies as a public safety technology company, rather than a robotics organization, with expertise in a fusion of robotics, self-driving technology, vehicle electrification and artificial intelligence.
Combined, they yield an agile platform upon which numerous types of sensing capabilities and other technologies can be integrated to provide actionable intelligence.
Delivering superior surveillance capability
Autonomous security robots are equipped to scan for known threats, allowing companies to reduce workplace violence by recognizing terminated employees or those who have been issued criminal trespass warnings.
Autonomous security robots also provide parking lot security by using AI-based exception monitoring to ID the license plates of cars that don’t belong on site.
With their audio feature, ASRs provide two-way communication, allowing the robots to act as a public address system with broadcast capability. This enables them to engage with perpetrators to de-escalate hostile situations.
Stephens says: “The ASR’s ‘talk-down’ feature takes the danger off the human and puts it on the robot.
“Robots are a nondescript object that allow a conversation to take place without having a person in front of a hostile suspect that could unintentionally escalate the situation. They also lower operating overhead. ASRs never get sick, and they don’t take vacation.”
Infusing technology to drive autonomy
Knightscope’s mobile robots are “completely autonomous”, using a system of LIDAR, GPS, sonar, IMUs, 4K cameras and high-fidelity audio. The robot has five sensor types (similar to humans) to manage its surroundings. In most cases, the robot’s senses are more acute than a public safety officer’s.
In all, 21 LIDAR lasers map the surrounding area every 25 milliseconds. That data is used to create a 3D map of the area around the robot out to a 100-meter radius, which enables the ASR to “see” its environment.
Additionally, sonar sensors provide proximity sensing that allows the robot to tell when something is physically close. GPS is included as a tertiary input for internal navigation and helps track the machine if someone were to attempt to move or steal the robot.
Odometry sensors calculate wheel rotation to indicate if the robot is moving or tracking left or right. Finally, an inertial measurement unit, or IMU, provides six-degrees-of-freedom spatial awareness to determine if the robot is upright or tilted, which could signal it has become stuck or immobilized.
Power efficiency is paramount
The intense level of computing, communications and sensing places a tremendous burden on the ASRs’ power delivery networks. They must be compact and have high efficiency.
Because the ASRs have no airflow or venting, Knightscope went hunting for a pure conduction-cooled solution that could use the aluminum skin as a heat sink.
The company adopted a Vicor DC-DC converter module (DCM3623) because its unique ChiP packaging was thermally adept and very small. The DCM’s power density also helped with routing the wiring and cable assembly and increased battery efficiency, performance and runtime.
On the electrical side, the robot required isolation from all of the different power rails. Because there are so many sensors with different EMI signatures, the Vicor DCM helped minimize EMI and noise interference.
